Kids not pronouncing Hindi, kannada, telugu alphabets right – teach them this way and they will learn real fast! Dhvani, Varna and Akshar: Dhvani - sound
Varna - Text form
Akshar - dhvani or a combination of dhvanis
Dhvani is the basic unit of sound in any language, while Varna is a text form of Dhvani.
Akshar is either a Dhvani or a combination of Dhvani, which uttered by one articulation.
Example : Dhvani - Pronunciation of A, Aa, E, Ee, Ka, Kha, ga, gha….
Akshar - Pronunciation of ka, Kaa, Ki, kii, etc.
Dhvani has two kinds :
Swar Vyanjan
1. Swar: Dhvani which generates through lung's air pressure and passes by either nose or mouth without any hindrance of struggle of tongue and lips is called "Swar". In general Hindi there are 10 Swar. Swar has two kinds based on the time of pronunciation: Laghu Swar – (Soft) – A, E, etc Deergha Swar – (Loud) – Aa, Ee, etc
2. Vyanjan: Dhvani, which generates through lung's air pressure and release after the hindrance of struggle of tongue, lips and palate is called "Vyanjan".
Now comes the best part where most children struggle to get the pronunciation right – the vyanjans.
Vyanjan can be classified by the struggle space like vocal tract, soft palate, hard palate, tongue, gums or lips etc.
1) Kanthya Vyanjan (Guttaral) – The Ka bucket: Struggle space is throat. Like Ka, Kha, Ga, Gha, Gna. All you have to do is to ask the child to bring the sound from its throat.
2) Talavya Vyanjan (Palatal) – The cha bucket: Struggle space is the upper portion of incisor teeth and the lower portion of hard palate where tongue's foremost part touches it while pronunciation. Like Cha, Ccha, Ja, Jha, Nnya. Here ask the child to create this sound using the tongue and the palate.
3) Moordhanya Vyanjan (Retroflex-alveolar) The Ta bucket: Struggle space is hard palate where tongue's foremost part touches it while pronunciation. Like Ta, Tta, Da, Dda, Nna. Here ask the child to roll up the tongue and touch the palate to get these vyanjans.
4) Dantya Vyanjan (Dental) The tha bucket: Struggle spaces are incisor teeth where tip of tongue touches them while pronunciation. Like Tha, Ttha, dha, ddha, na. Easiest of all, this one is to simply touch the tongue to the front teeth.
5) Oshthya Vyanjan (labial) The Pa bucket: Struggle spaces are upper and lower lips. Like Pa, Pha, ba, bha, ma.Yet another easy one, bring the lips together to utter these vyanjans.
Khari and Dashamkhari: When Vyanjan conjuncts with a Swar then it is called "Khari". There are 10 Swars in general Hindi (Although few more Swars are present). Therefore a single Vyanjan can form ten Khari with the help of ten Swars. These ten Khari are called "Dashamkhari".
There are 36 Vyanjan in Hindi. Therefore we can get 360 Khari and 36 DashamKhari.
A quick note: Speech is a most important medium of expression. Speech is generated through a particular language. Nowadays computers have also started to express themselves through speech. Sometime ago computers had only one language called machine language. By the progress of time computers started to work in English and then they started to 'speak' in English. Now they plan to ‘speak’ in Hindi too.
These concepts mentioned above are used in the Text to Speech recognition in Artificial Intelligence (AI) these days. India has again (!!) started to walk on the passage of development in the field of Artificial Intelligence. 21st century is a century of revolution in Artificial Intelligence and Human Machine Interface Systems. This is achieved using the the RecSimCat Technique (Recording, simulation and concatenation). RecSimCat is a hybridization of all the existing Text To Speech Techniques.
Artificial intelligence is not new to India. Just another case of history repeating itself.
Yes, Our "Veda" and "Puran" have already described about the phenomenon of Artificial Intelligence.
Lord Ganesh (Lord of wisdom - Goddess Parvati made him by her bathing paste of sandalwood) is an oldest example of Artificial Intelligence.
Vishvamitra tried to make an artificial universe but he stopped his work on the request of Devta Gana. Lots of other examples are present in our history where this kind of work was in progress.
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